Power system restoration following blackouts must ensure frequency stability throughout the recovery process. This paper proposes a frequency-constrained mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) framework for black-start restoration planning in transmission systems with synchronous machines and energy storage systems. To prevent excessive frequency deviations caused by restorative actions, a frequency nadir prediction method is developed for power systems with energy storage system (ESS) integration and incorporated into a multiperiod optimization framework. The formulation ensures that frequency deviations resulting from restorative actions remain within prescribed safe limits. Furthermore, the presented framework leverages ESSs to enhance frequency security and recovery speed. Case studies on a modified IEEE 9-bus system demonstrate that the computed restoration plan maintains frequency security, as validated through MATLAB and PSS/E simulations, while reducing restoration time through ESS coordination.
@article{arxiv.2605.14099,
title = {Frequency Nadir-Constrained Power System Restoration Planning with Energy Storage},
author = {Xiangyu Zou and Amir Reza Nikzad and Ilyas Farhat and John W. Simpson-Porco},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2605.14099},
year = {2026}
}