Fredholm multiplication operators on Banach spaces of analytic functions on the open unit disk

We identify properties of a Banach space $\mathcal{B}$ of analytic functions on the open unit disk $\mathbb{D}$ in the complex plane ensuring that a multiplication operator $M_\psi: \mathcal{B} \to\mathcal{B}$ is Fredholm if and only if its symbol $\psi$ is bounded away from $0$ near $\partial \mathbb{D}$. The properties we identify are shared by a wide variety of much-studied spaces, including the Hardy spaces $H^p(\mathbb{D})$, weighted Bergman spaces $A^p_\omega(\mathbb{D})$, Hardy-Sobolev spaces $H^2_\beta(\mathbb{D})$, the spaces $S_j^p(\mathbb{D})$ of functions having $j$-th derivative in $H^p(\mathbb{D})$, and the disk algebra $A$. Thus, as a corollary, our work characterizes Fredholm multiplication operators on these spaces. In addition, we describe the closed, finite-codimensional subspaces of $\mathcal{B}$ that are invariant under $M_z: \mathcal{B} \to \mathcal{B}$ in terms of the zeros that the functions in such subspaces have in common. We discuss connections between these subspaces and the problem of characterizing the Fredholm multiplication operators on $\mathcal{B}$, and we prove that $M_z$ restricted to such a subspace is always cyclic, with a polynomial cyclic vector having degree equal to the codimension of the subspace.