FractalSortCPU: Bandwidth-Efficient Compressed Radix Sort on CPU

Cloud database systems, particularly their middleware and query execution layers, use sorting as a core operation in query processing, indexing and join execution. Distribution-dependence and limited parallelism are key issues inherent in state-of-the-art radix sort which is preferred for large datasets due to performance advantages over comparison-based algorithms. Multi-pass bucketing, stochastic sampling and dependence graph structures are common solutions to these problems that incur the cost of data pre-processing and increased memory footprint hence they are less appropriate for large-scale workloads common in cloud environments. In-place radix sort schemes increase the number of passes as precision increases, which negatively impacts latency. Our work solves these problems by introducing a CPU-adapted histogram compression scheme for radix sorting for arbitrary-precision keys implemented on the CPU for increased accessibility, providing state-of-the-art execution time, while limiting histogram growth. Fully parallel key-based histogram updates eliminate the need for input bucketing and data pre-processing further lowering latency, mitigating distribution-dependence and reducing complexity. With a parallelized sorting architecture utilizing SIMD-accelerated operations for low latency, the algorithm demonstrates improvement over the state-of-the-art on the CPU, GPU, and FPGA by 6x, 3x and 2.5x in bandwidth efficiency on 512MB to 32GB data sets at 16-bit precision.