New UAV technologies and the NewSpace era are transforming Earth Observation missions and data acquisition. Numerous small platforms generate large data volume, straining bandwidth and requiring onboard decision-making to transmit high-quality information in time. While Machine Learning allows real-time autonomous processing, FPGAs balance performance with adaptability to mission-specific requirements, enabling onboard deployment. This review systematically analyzes 68 experiments deploying ML models on FPGAs for Remote Sensing applications. We introduce two distinct taxonomies to capture both efficient model architectures and FPGA implementation strategies. For transparency and reproducibility, we follow PRISMA 2020 guidelines and share all data and code at https://github.com/CedricLeon/Survey_RS-ML-FPGA.
@article{arxiv.2506.03938,
title = {FPGA-Enabled Machine Learning Applications in Earth Observation: A Systematic Review},
author = {Cédric Léonard and Dirk Stober and Martin Schulz},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2506.03938},
year = {2026}
}
Comments
35 pages, 5 figures, 4 tables. Accepted at ACM Computing Surveys (ACM CSUR). Cite as: C\'edric L\'eonard, Dirk Stober, and Martin Schulz. 2026. FPGA-Enabled Machine Learning Applications in Earth Observation: A Systematic Review. ACM Comput. Surv. 1, 1 (January 2026), 35 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3800686