Fluid Limits for Time-Varying Many-Server Queues with Finite Capacity

This paper develops fluid limits for nonstationary many-server loss systems with general service-time distributions. For the zero-buffer $M_t/G/n/n$ queuing model, we prove a functional strong law of large numbers for the fraction of busy servers and characterize the limit by a nonlinear Volterra integral equation with discontinuous coefficients induced by instantaneous blocking. Well-posedness is established through an appropriate solution concept, yielding the time-varying acceptance probability without heuristic approximations. We then treat the finite-buffer $M_t/G/n/(n+b_n)$ regime, proving a functional strong law of large numbers for the triplet of fractions of busy servers, occupied buffers, and cumulative departures, whose limit satisfies a coupled system of three discontinuous Volterra equations capturing the interaction of service completions, buffer occupancy, and admission control at the capacity boundary. We establish well-posedness and convergence of the time-varying acceptance probability. Our theoretical results are supported by numerical simulations for both zero and finite-buffer regimes, illustrating the convergence of transient acceptance probabilities guaranteed by our theory. Finally, we use the fluid limits to derive optimal staffing and buffer-capacity for both time-varying loss systems.