We propose a post-training method for lower-resource languages that preserves the fluency of language models even when aligned by disfluent reward models. Preference optimization is now a well-researched topic, but previous work has mostly addressed models for English and Chinese. Lower-resource languages lack both datasets written by native speakers and instruction-tuned language models capable of generating fluent synthetic data. To address this, we focus on developing a fluent preference-aligned language model without any instruction-tuning data in the target language. Our approach uses an on-policy training method, which we compare with two common alternatives: supervised finetuning on machine-translated data and multilingual finetuning. We conduct a case study on Norwegian Bokm{\aa}l and evaluate fluency through native-speaker assessments. The results show that the on-policy aspect is crucial and outperforms the alternatives without relying on any hard-to-obtain data.
@article{arxiv.2512.08777,
title = {Fluent Alignment with Disfluent Judges: Post-training for Lower-resource Languages},
author = {David Samuel and Lilja Øvrelid and Erik Velldal and Andrey Kutuzov},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2512.08777},
year = {2026}
}