Fluctuation-induced friction and heat transfer at the water-multilayer graphene interface

Calculations of friction and heat transfer at the water-multilayer graphene interface using the theories of phononic and radiative friction and heat transfer are presented. The phononic contributions to friction and heat transfer are many orders of magnitude larger than the radiative contributions. Phononic friction and heat transfer slightly increase with an increase in the number of graphene layers $N$ and reach saturation at $N>5$, which is associated with an increase in the phonon transmission coefficient through the interface and a finite phonon mean free path in the direction perpendicular to the surface. The radiative contributions are almost independent on $N$, since for distance between water and graphene of the order of the interlayer distance in graphene the interaction of evanescent waves with multilayer graphene is limited by the first graphene layer. The results for the phonon contributions agree with the results obtained for the Kapitsa resistance using MD simulation and with the experimental data obtained for the friction coefficients at the water-monolayer graphene interface. The potential difference leads to a strong increase in the radiative contributions to friction and heat transfer, which become approximately an order of magnitude greater than the phononic contributions at a potential difference of $\sim 10$V.