English

Fibonacci Cycles and Fixed Points

General Mathematics 2023-10-10 v1

Abstract

Let Sb(n)S_b(n) denote the sum of the squares of the digits of the positive integer nn in base b2b\geq2. It is well-known that the sequence of iterates of Sb(n)S_b(n) terminates in a fixed point or enters a cycle. Let N=2n1N=2n-1, n2n\geq2. It is shown that if b=FN+1b=F_{N+1}, then a cycle of SbS_b exists with initial term FN=F0.FNF_{N}=F_{0}.F_{N}, and terminal element Fn.Fn1F_{n}.F_{n-1} if nn is even, or terminal element Fn1.FnF_{n-1}.F_{n} if nn is odd. Similarly, Let N=2n+1N=2n+1, n1n\geq1. If b=FN1b=F_{N-1}, then a cycle of SbS_b exists with initial term FN=F2.FN2F_{N}=F_{2}.F_{N-2}, and terminal element Fn.Fn+1F_{n}.F_{n+1} if nn is even, or terminal element Fn+1.FnF_{n+1}.F_{n} if nn is odd. Furthermore, the cycles also admit extension as an arithmetic sequence of cycles of SbS_b with base b=FN+1+FN+2kb=F_{N+1}+F_{N+2}k and b=FN1+FN2kb=F_{N-1}+F_{N-2}k, respectively. Some fixed points of SbS_b with bb a Fibonacci base are shown to exist. Lastly, both cycles and fixed points admit further generalization to Pell polynomials.

Keywords

Cite

@article{arxiv.2310.04439,
  title  = {Fibonacci Cycles and Fixed Points},
  author = {Walter A. Kehowski},
  journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2310.04439},
  year   = {2023}
}
R2 v1 2026-06-28T12:42:51.721Z