English

Extending the Bloch sphere model to an N-qubit system

Quantum Physics 2026-07-06 v1

Abstract

The Bloch sphere is an elegant tool for representing single-qubit states. However, a widely accepted generalization for multi-qubit systems with entanglement remains absent. We propose a novel geometric model extending the Bloch sphere representation to arbitrary NN-qubit systems using 2N12^N-1 spheres. We demonstrate that any pure 2-qubit state is uniquely described by three spheres: two for individual qubits and a third encapsulating bipartite entanglement. Generalizing this, we establish an NN-qubit parameterization through the hierarchical application of controlled rotation gates along the ZZ and YY axes. We formally prove a strict bijection between the standard state vector representation and our model's angular parameters. This framework provides an intuitive visualization of multiple entanglement, offering potential computational advantages for quantum simulators and new analytical perspectives on quantum gates.

Cite

@article{arxiv.2607.04979,
  title  = {Extending the Bloch sphere model to an N-qubit system},
  author = {Francisco Piñero and Cristian Franco and Hernán I. de la Cruz and Fernando L. Pelayo and Vicente Pascual and Mauro Mezzini and Jose Javier Paulet and Fernando Cuartero},
  journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2607.04979},
  year   = {2026}
}

Comments

25 pages, 4 figures

R2 v1 2026-07-22T20:27:17.843Z