Euclid. V. The Flagship galaxy mock catalogue: a comprehensive simulation for the Euclid mission
Abstract
We present the Flagship galaxy mock, a simulated catalogue of billions of galaxies designed to support the scientific exploitation of the Euclid mission. Euclid is a medium-class mission of the European Space Agency optimised to determine the properties of dark matter and dark energy on the largest scales of the Universe. It probes structure formation over more than 10 billion years primarily from the combination of weak gravitational lensing and galaxy clustering data. The breath of Euclid's data will also foster a wide variety of scientific analyses. The Flagship simulation was developed to provide a realistic approximation to the galaxies that will be observed by Euclid and used in its scientific analyses. We ran a state-of-the-art N-body simulation with four trillion particles, producing a lightcone on the fly. From the dark matter particles, we produced a catalogue of 16 billion haloes in one octant of the sky in the lightcone up to redshift z=3. We then populated these haloes with mock galaxies using a halo occupation distribution and abundance matching approach, calibrating the free parameters of the galaxy mock against observed correlations and other basic galaxy properties. Modelled galaxy properties include luminosity and flux in several bands, redshifts, positions and velocities, spectral energy distributions, shapes and sizes, stellar masses, star formation rates, metallicities, emission line fluxes, and lensing properties. We selected a final sample of 3.4 billion galaxies with a magnitude cut of H_E<26, where we are complete. We have performed a comprehensive set of validation tests to check the similarity to observational data and theoretical models. In particular, our catalogue is able to closely reproduce the main characteristics of the weak lensing and galaxy clustering samples to be used in the mission's main cosmological analysis. (abridged)
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Cite
@article{arxiv.2405.13495,
title = {Euclid. V. The Flagship galaxy mock catalogue: a comprehensive simulation for the Euclid mission},
author = {Euclid Collaboration and F. J. Castander and P. Fosalba and J. Stadel and D. Potter and J. Carretero and P. Tallada-Crespí and L. Pozzetti and M. Bolzonella and G. A. Mamon and L. Blot and K. Hoffmann and M. Huertas-Company and P. Monaco and E. J. Gonzalez and G. De Lucia and C. Scarlata and M. -A. Breton and L. Linke and C. Viglione and S. -S. Li and Z. Zhai and Z. Baghkhani and K. Pardede and C. Neissner and R. Teyssier and M. Crocce and I. Tutusaus and L. Miller and G. Congedo and A. Biviano and M. Hirschmann and A. Pezzotta and H. Aussel and H. Hoekstra and T. Kitching and W. J. Percival and L. Guzzo and Y. Mellier and P. A. Oesch and R. A. A. Bowler and S. Bruton and V. Allevato and V. Gonzalez-Perez and M. Manera and S. Avila and A. Kovács and N. Aghanim and B. Altieri and A. Amara and L. Amendola and S. Andreon and N. Auricchio and M. Baldi and A. Balestra and S. Bardelli and R. Bender and C. Bodendorf and D. Bonino and E. Branchini and M. Brescia and J. Brinchmann and S. Camera and V. Capobianco and C. Carbone and S. Casas and M. Castellano and S. Cavuoti and A. Cimatti and C. J. Conselice and L. Conversi and Y. Copin and L. Corcione and F. Courbin and H. M. Courtois and A. Da Silva and H. Degaudenzi and A. M. Di Giorgio and J. Dinis and M. Douspis and F. Dubath and C. A. J. Duncan and X. Dupac and S. Dusini and A. Ealet and M. Farina and S. Farrens and S. Ferriol and S. Fotopoulou and N. Fourmanoit and M. Frailis and E. Franceschi and P. Franzetti and S. Galeotta and W. Gillard and B. Gillis and C. Giocoli and P. Gómez-Alvarez and B. R. Granett and A. Grazian and F. Grupp and S. V. H. Haugan and M. S. Holliman and W. Holmes and I. Hook and F. Hormuth and A. Hornstrup and P. Hudelot and K. Jahnke and M. Jhabvala and B. Joachimi and E. Keihänen and S. Kermiche and A. Kiessling and M. Kilbinger and R. Kohley and B. Kubik and M. Kümmel and M. Kunz and H. Kurki-Suonio and O. Lahav and R. Laureijs and D. Le Mignant and S. Ligori and P. B. Lilje and V. Lindholm and I. Lloro and D. Maino and E. Maiorano and O. Mansutti and O. Marggraf and K. Markovic and N. Martinet and F. Marulli and R. Massey and D. C. Masters and S. Maurogordato and H. J. McCracken and E. Medinaceli and S. Mei and M. Melchior and M. Meneghetti and E. Merlin and G. Meylan and J. J. Mohr and M. Moresco and L. Moscardini and E. Munari and R. Nakajima and R. C. Nichol and S. -M. Niemi and C. Padilla and K. Paech and S. Paltani and F. Pasian and J. A. Peacock and K. Pedersen and V. Pettorino and S. Pires and G. Polenta and M. Poncet and L. A. Popa and F. Raison and R. Rebolo and A. Renzi and J. Rhodes and G. Riccio and E. Romelli and M. Roncarelli and C. Rosset and E. Rossetti and R. Saglia and D. Sapone and M. Schirmer and P. Schneider and T. Schrabback and M. Scodeggio and A. Secroun and G. Seidel and S. Serrano and C. Sirignano and G. Sirri and L. Stanco and J. -L. Starck and A. N. Taylor and H. I. Teplitz and I. Tereno and R. Toledo-Moreo and F. Torradeflot and A. Tsyganov and L. Valenziano and T. Vassallo and A. Veropalumbo and Y. Wang and J. Weller and A. Zacchei and G. Zamorani and F. M. Zerbi and J. Zoubian and E. Zucca and C. Baccigalupi and F. Bernardeau and A. Boucaud and E. Bozzo and C. Burigana and M. Calabrese and P. Casenove and G. Castignani and C. Colodro-Conde and D. Di Ferdinando and J. A. Escartin Vigo and G. Fabbian and F. Finelli and J. Gracia-Carpio and S. Ilić and P. Liebing and S. Marcin and M. Martinelli and S. Matthew and N. Mauri and M. Pöntinen and C. Porciani and Z. Sakr and V. Scottez and E. Sefusatti and J. Steinwagner and M. Tenti and M. Viel and M. Wiesmann and Y. Akrami and S. Anselmi and M. Archidiacono and F. Atrio-Barandela and E. Aubourg and A. Balaguera-Antolinez and M. Ballardini and D. Bertacca and M. Bethermin and A. Blanchard and H. Böhringer and S. Borgani and T. Bouvard and R. Cabanac and A. Calabro and B. Camacho Quevedo and G. Canas-Herrera and A. Cappi and F. Caro and C. S. Carvalho and T. Castro and K. C. Chambers and S. Contarini and T. Contini and A. R. Cooray and M. Costanzi and O. Cucciati and S. Davini and B. De Caro and S. de la Torre and G. Desprez and A. Díaz-Sánchez and J. J. Diaz and S. Di Domizio and H. Dole and S. Escoffier and M. Ezziati and A. G. Ferrari and P. G. Ferreira and I. Ferrero and A. Finoguenov and A. Fontana and F. Fornari and L. Gabarra and K. Ganga and J. García-Bellido and T. Gasparetto and E. Gaztanaga and F. Giacomini and F. Gianotti and A. H. Gonzalez and G. Gozaliasl and A. Hall and W. G. Hartley and H. Hildebrandt and J. Hjorth and A. D. Holland and O. Ilbert and S. Joudaki and E. Jullo and J. J. E. Kajava and V. Kansal and D. Karagiannis and C. C. Kirkpatrick and J. Le Graet and L. Legrand and J. Lesgourgues and T. I. Liaudat and A. Loureiro and J. Macias-Perez and M. Magliocchetti and C. Mancini and F. Mannucci and R. Maoli and C. J. A. P. Martins and L. Maurin and R. B. Metcalf and M. Migliaccio and M. Miluzio and A. Mora and C. Moretti and G. Morgante and S. Nadathur and L. Nicastro and Nicholas A. Walton and M. Oguri and L. Patrizii and V. Popa and A. Pourtsidou and P. Reimberg and I. Risso and P. -F. Rocci and R. P. Rollins and B. Rusholme and M. Sahlén and A. G. Sánchez and J. Schaye and J. A. Schewtschenko and A. Schneider and M. Schultheis and M. Sereno and F. Shankar and A. Shulevski and A. Silvestri and P. Simon and A. Spurio Mancini and S. A. Stanford and K. Tanidis and C. Tao and N. Tessore and G. Testera and M. Tewes and S. Toft and S. Tosi and A. Troja and M. Tucci and C. Valieri and J. Valiviita and D. Vergani and F. Vernizzi and G. Verza and P. Vielzeuf and J. R. Weaver and L. Zalesky and P. Dimauro and P. -A. Duc and Y. Fang and A. M. N. Ferguson and C. M. Gutierrez and I. Kova{č}ić and S. Kruk and A. M. C. Le Brun and A. Montoro and C. Murray and L. Pagano and D. Paoletti and E. Sarpa and A. Viitanen and J. Martín-Fleitas and L. Y. A. Yung},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2405.13495},
year = {2025}
}
Comments
Paper submitted as part of the A&A special issue `Euclid on Sky', which contains Euclid key reference papers and first results from the Euclid Early Release Observations