Estimating the Resilience of Non-Stationary Systems
Abstract
A wide body of work has applied the concept of critical slowing down to estimate the stability of different Earth system components. Most of them -- such as global vegetation -- are inherently non-stationary, for example due to strong seasonal forcing, which complicates the estimation of their resilience to external perturbations. Here, we introduce a new method to account for non-stationarity in estimating resilience for diverse synthetic and real-world data sets via a regression-based formulation of the Langevin Equation. Our method does not require extensive data pre-processing, is robust to gaps in the data record, and does not require regular time sampling. We further show that our method can incorporate time-varying data uncertainties, recover uncertainty bounds in stability estimates, and can be natively extended to examine spatial systems. Our method is a drop-in replacement for widely-used autocorrelation-based resilience estimates, and can be widely applied across Earth system components.
Keywords
Cite
@article{arxiv.2604.24345,
title = {Estimating the Resilience of Non-Stationary Systems},
author = {Taylor Smith and Andreas Morr and Christof Schötz and Niklas Boers},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2604.24345},
year = {2026}
}