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Entanglement in Cognition violating Bell Inequalities Beyond Cirel'son's Bound

Neurons and Cognition 2021-02-09 v1 Quantum Physics

Abstract

We present the results of two tests where a sample of human participants were asked to make judgements about the conceptual combinations {\it The Animal Acts} and {\it The Animal eats the Food}. Both tests significantly violate the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt version of Bell inequalities (`CHSH inequality'), thus exhibiting manifestly non-classical behaviour due to the meaning connection between the individual concepts that are combined. We then apply a quantum-theoretic framework which we developed for any Bell-type situation and represent empirical data in complex Hilbert space. We show that the observed violations of the CHSH inequality can be explained as a consequence of a strong form of `quantum entanglement' between the component conceptual entities in which both the state and measurements are entangled. We finally observe that a quantum model in Hilbert space can be elaborated in these Bell-type situations even when the CHSH violation exceeds the known `Cirel'son bound', in contrast to a widespread belief. These findings confirm and strengthen the results we recently obtained in a variety of cognitive tests and document and image retrieval operations on the same conceptual combinations.

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Cite

@article{arxiv.2102.03847,
  title  = {Entanglement in Cognition violating Bell Inequalities Beyond Cirel'son's Bound},
  author = {Diederik Aerts and Jonito Aerts Arguëlles and Lester Beltran and Suzette Geriente and Sandro Sozzo},
  journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2102.03847},
  year   = {2021}
}

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22 pages