Electrostatic models for zeros of Laguerre-Sobolev polynomials

Let {$\{S_n\}_{n\geqslant 0}$} be the sequence of orthogonal polynomials with respect to the Laguerre-Sobolev inner product $$\langle f,g\rangle_S =\!\int_{0}^{+\infty}\! f(x) g(x)x^{\alpha}e^{-x}dx+\sum_{j=1}^{N}\sum_{k=0}^{d_j}\lambda_{j,k} f^{(k)}(c_j)g^{(k)}(c_j),$$ where $\lambda_{j,k}\geqslant 0$, $\alpha >-1$ and $c_i \in (-\infty, 0)$ for $i=1,2,\dots,N$. We provide a formula that relates the Laguerre-Sobolev polynomials $S_n$ to the standard Laguerre orthogonal polynomials. We find the ladder operators for the polynomial sequence $\{S_n\}_{n\geqslant 0}$ and a second-order differential equation with polynomial coefficients for $\{S_n\}_{n\geqslant 0}$. We establish a sufficient condition for an electrostatic model of the zeros of orthogonal Laguerre-Sobolev polynomials. Some examples are given where this condition is either satisfied or not.