The paper discusses the possibility of dust particles containing living bacteria ejected from Earth, reaching Europa and landing on its surface. It is shown that, taking certain factors into account, over a period of (30-80) Myr (the estimated age of Europa's ocean), Jupiter's moon would have been impacted by approximately 3×1023 to 8×1023 particles in total, within which a bacterium could have survived. In this paper we discuss the possibility of dust grains entering liquid water beneath the surface.
@article{arxiv.2507.17027,
title = {Earth as a potential source of life For Europa's subsurface ocean},
author = {Zaza N. Osmanov},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2507.17027},
year = {2025}
}