We investigate the internal structure of the pion, including the contributions from one dynamical gluon, using the basis light-front quantization (BLFQ) approach. By solving a light-front QCD Hamiltonian with a three-dimensional confining potential, we obtain the light-front wavefunctions (LFWFs) for both the quark-antiquark and quark-antiquark-gluon Fock sectors. These wavefunctions are then employed to compute the unpolarized generalized parton distributions (GPDs) and the transverse-momentum-dependent parton distributions (TMDs) of valence quarks and gluons. We also extract the transverse spatial distributions, providing the squared radii of quark and gluon densities in the impact-parameter space. This work contributes toward a three-dimensional understanding of the pion's internal structure in both momentum and coordinate space.
@article{arxiv.2509.22016,
title = {Dynamical gluon effects in the three-dimensional structure of pion},
author = {Jiangshan Lan and Kaiyu Fu and Satvir Kaur and Zhimin Zhu and Chandan Mondal and Xingbo Zhao and James P. Vary},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2509.22016},
year = {2025}
}