Dualizing complexes over $\mathbb{Z}$-algebras

In this paper, we introduce the notions of dualizing complexes and balanced dualizing complexes over $\mathbb{Z}$-algebras. We prove that a noetherian connected $\mathbb{Z}$-algebra $A$ admits a balanced dualizing complex if and only if $A$ satisfies Artin-Zhang's $\chi$-condition, has finite local cohomology dimension, and possesses symmetric derived torsion as a bigraded $A$-$A$-bimodule. As an application of our study of dualizing complexes, we show that any smooth noncommutative projective scheme associated to a $\mathbb{Z}$-algebra with a balanced dualizing complex admits a Serre functor.