Do Speech Tokens Leak Voiceprints? Speaker Inversion Attacks Against End-to-End Speech Language Models
Abstract
End-to-end speech language models increasingly represent user speech with speech tokens rather than relying exclusively on cascaded ASR--LLM--TTS pipelines. Although these tokens support expressive and low-latency spoken interaction, they may also preserve sensitive speaker characteristics. We investigate whether exposed speech tokens leak voiceprints and formulate this risk as a speaker inversion attack. We introduce Audio BERT (AuB), a trainable model that constructs token embeddings from discrete codebooks and aggregates them into speaker-sensitive representations, and propose SpInv, a two-stage inversion method built on AuB to recover embeddings in the space of an attacker-specified speaker encoder. We evaluate Moshi, Higgs3, Kimi-Audio, and Qwen3-Omni using speaker-disjoint protocols on the VoxCeleb dataset. Extensive experiments show that, with only three seconds of frontend output, SpInv achieves cosine similarities above 0.70 in the attacker-specified speaker-encoder space.
Keywords
Cite
@article{arxiv.2607.16870,
title = {Do Speech Tokens Leak Voiceprints? Speaker Inversion Attacks Against End-to-End Speech Language Models},
author = {Ye Lu and Yihan Yan and Zhaoyang Zhang and Zhitao Ou and Runze Liu and Li Liu and Shen Wang},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2607.16870},
year = {2026}
}