Diverse Morphologies of GRB X-Ray Plateaus within a Common Magnetar Framework

The origin of the X-ray plateau phase in gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) remains an open problem. In particular, it is unclear whether GRBs with different temporal morphologies (i.e., with a rising, flat, or decaying plateau) arise from a common underlying mechanism. Although magnetar energy injection is a leading explanation, previous studies have primarily inferred magnetar properties on a burst-by-burst basis and have not tested the model at the population level. Here we perform the first hierarchical population inference of magnetar parameters for a uniform sample of 185 long GRBs with X-ray plateaus within a conditional Poisson point-process framework. It is found that the observed plateau population is well reproduced by physically plausible magnetar populations. The inferred parameter distributions show no strong statistical separation among subclasses with different plateau morphologies. Nevertheless, all subclasses show a substantial intrinsic luminosity scatter, $\sigma_{L,\rm int}\sim0.5$--1.0 dex, whereas the intrinsic duration scatter remains considerably smaller. The results provide a population-level test of the magnetar interpretation of GRB X-ray plateaus, showing that the observed diversity of plateau morphologies does not require distinct magnetar populations.