We present a decentralized, agent agnostic, and safety-aware control framework for human-robot collaboration based on Virtual Model Control (VMC). In our approach, both humans and robots are embedded in the same virtual-component-shaped workspace, where motion is the result of the interaction with virtual springs and dampers rather than explicit trajectory planning. A decentralized, force-based stall detector identifies deadlocks, which are resolved through negotiation. This reduces the probability of robots getting stuck in the block placement task from up to 61.2% to zero in our experiments. The framework scales without structural changes thanks to the distributed implementation: in experiments we demonstrate safe collaboration with up to two robots and two humans, and in simulation up to four robots, maintaining inter-agent separation at around 20 cm. Results show that the method shapes robot behavior intuitively by adjusting control parameters and achieves deadlock-free operation across team sizes in all tested scenarios.
@article{arxiv.2602.17415,
title = {Distributed Virtual Model Control for Scalable Human-Robot Collaboration in Shared Workspace},
author = {Yi Zhang and Omar Faris and Chapa Sirithunge and Kai-Fung Chu and Fumiya Iida and Fulvio Forni},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2602.17415},
year = {2026}
}