Disentangling Feature Structure: A Mathematically Provable Two-Stage Training Dynamics in Transformers
Abstract
Transformers may exhibit two-stage training dynamics during the real-world training process. For instance, when training GPT-2 on the Counterfact dataset, the answers progress from syntactically incorrect to syntactically correct to semantically correct. However, existing theoretical analyses hardly account for this feature-level two-stage phenomenon, which originates from the disentangled two-type features like syntax and semantics. In this paper, we theoretically demonstrate how the two-stage training dynamics potentially occur in transformers. Specifically, we analyze the feature learning dynamics induced by the aforementioned disentangled two-type feature structure, grounding our analysis in a simplified yet illustrative setting that comprises a normalized ReLU self-attention layer and structured data. Such disentanglement of feature structure is general in practice, e.g., natural languages contain syntax and semantics, and proteins contain primary and secondary structures. To our best knowledge, this is the first rigorous result regarding a feature-level two-stage optimization process in transformers. Additionally, a corollary indicates that such a two-stage process is closely related to the spectral properties of the attention weights, which accords well with our empirical findings.
Keywords
Cite
@article{arxiv.2502.20681,
title = {Disentangling Feature Structure: A Mathematically Provable Two-Stage Training Dynamics in Transformers},
author = {Zixuan Gong and Shijia Li and Yong Liu and Jiaye Teng},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2502.20681},
year = {2025}
}