Discrete Fourier analysis on fundamental domain of $A_d$ lattice and on simplex in $d$-variables

A discrete Fourier analysis on the fundamental domain $\Omega_d$ of the $d$-dimensional lattice of type $A_d$ is studied, where $\Omega_2$ is the regular hexagon and $\Omega_3$ is the rhombic dodecahedron, and analogous results on $d$-dimensional simplex are derived by considering invariant and anti-invariant elements. Our main results include Fourier analysis in trigonometric functions, interpolation and cubature formulas on these domains. In particular, a trigonometric Lagrange interpolation on the simplex is shown to satisfy an explicit compact formula and the Lebesgue constant of the interpolation is shown to be in the order of $(\log n)^d$. The basic trigonometric functions on the simplex can be identified with Chebyshev polynomials in several variables already appeared in literature. We study common zeros of these polynomials and show that they are nodes for a family of Gaussian cubature formulas, which provides only the second known example of such formulas.