Discrete Analogues in Harmonic Analysis: Directional Maximal Functions in $\mathbb{Z}^2$

Let $V = \{ v_1,\dots,v_N\}$ be a collection of $N$ vectors that live near a discrete sphere. We consider discrete directional maximal functions on $\mathbb{Z}^2$ where the set of directions lies in $V$, given by $$\sup_{v \in V, k \geq C \log N} \left| \sum_{n \in \mathbb{Z}} f(x-v\cdot n ) \cdot \phi_k(n) \right|, \ f:\mathbb{Z}^2 \to \mathbb{C},$$ where and $\phi_k(t) := 2^{-k} \phi(2^{-k} t)$ for some bump function $\phi$. Interestingly, the study of these operators leads one to consider an "arithmetic version" of a Kakeya-type problem in the plane, which we approach using a combination of geometric and number-theoretic methods. Motivated by the Furstenberg problem from geometric measure theory, we also consider a discrete directional maximal operator along polynomial orbits, $$\sup_{v \in V} \left| \sum_{n \in \mathbb{Z}} f(x-v\cdot P(n) ) \cdot \phi_k(n) \right|, \ P \in \mathbb{Z}[-]$$ for $k \geq C_d \log N$ sufficiently large.