Dieudonn\'e theory via classifying stacks and prismatic $F$-gauges

In this paper, we apply stack theoretic ideas to the classification problem in Dieudonn\'e theory. First, we use crystalline cohomology of classifying stacks to directly reconstruct the classical Dieudonn\'e module of a finite, $p$-power rank, commutative group scheme $G$ over a perfect field $k$ of characteristic $p>0$. As a consequence, we give a new, much shorter proof of the isomorphism $\sigma^* M(G) \simeq \mathrm{Ext}^1 (G, \mathcal{O}^{\mathrm{crys}})$ due to Berthelot--Breen--Messing using stacky methods combined with the theory of de Rham--Witt complexes. Additionally, we show that finite locally free commutative group schemes of $p$-power rank over a quasisyntomic base can be classified in terms of ``prismatic Dieudonn\'e $F$-gauges", which we introduce by making constructions using (higher) classifying stacks. The latter generalizes the result of Ansch\"utz and Le Bras on classification of $p$-divisible groups, which we also reprove using our approach. Along the way, we prove a description of cohomology with coefficients in group schemes, compatibility with Cartier duality, and reconstruction of Galois representations in terms of our prismatic Dieudonn\'e $F$-gauges.