English

Deep soccer captioning with transformer: dataset, semantics-related losses, and multi-level evaluation

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition 2022-12-01 v2 Artificial Intelligence

Abstract

This work aims at generating captions for soccer videos using deep learning. In this context, this paper introduces a dataset, model, and triple-level evaluation. The dataset consists of 22k caption-clip pairs and three visual features (images, optical flow, inpainting) for ~500 hours of \emph{SoccerNet} videos. The model is divided into three parts: a transformer learns language, ConvNets learn vision, and a fusion of linguistic and visual features generates captions. The paper suggests evaluating generated captions at three levels: syntax (the commonly used evaluation metrics such as BLEU-score and CIDEr), meaning (the quality of descriptions for a domain expert), and corpus (the diversity of generated captions). The paper shows that the diversity of generated captions has improved (from 0.07 reaching 0.18) with semantics-related losses that prioritize selected words. Semantics-related losses and the utilization of more visual features (optical flow, inpainting) improved the normalized captioning score by 28\%. The web page of this work: https://sites.google.com/view/soccercaptioning}{https://sites.google.com/view/soccercaptioning

Keywords

Cite

@article{arxiv.2202.05728,
  title  = {Deep soccer captioning with transformer: dataset, semantics-related losses, and multi-level evaluation},
  author = {Ahmad Hammoudeh and Bastien Vanderplaetse and Stéphane Dupont},
  journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2202.05728},
  year   = {2022}
}
R2 v1 2026-06-24T09:32:22.195Z