Deep generative models have demonstrated remarkable success in medical image synthesis. However, ensuring conditioning faithfulness and high-quality synthetic images for direct or counterfactual generation remains a challenge. In this work, we introduce a cycle training framework to fine-tune diffusion models for improved conditioning adherence and enhanced synthetic image realism. Our approach, Cycle Diffusion Model (CDM), enforces consistency between generated and original images by incorporating cycle constraints, enabling more reliable direct and counterfactual generation. Experiments on a combined 3D brain MRI dataset (from ABCD, HCP aging & young adults, ADNI, and PPMI) show that our method improves conditioning accuracy and enhances image quality as measured by FID and SSIM. The results suggest that the cycle strategy used in CDM can be an effective method for refining diffusion-based medical image generation, with applications in data augmentation, counterfactual, and disease progression modeling.
@article{arxiv.2509.24267,
title = {Cycle Diffusion Model for Counterfactual Image Generation},
author = {Fangrui Huang and Alan Wang and Binxu Li and Bailey Trang and Ridvan Yesiloglu and Tianyu Hua and Wei Peng and Ehsan Adeli},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2509.24267},
year = {2025}
}