CSCO: A Backside-PDN-Aware Clock-Signal Co-Optimization Framework for Improved PPA

Backside power delivery networks (BSPDN) have emerged as a promising technology for advanced logic nodes to address IR-drop and PPA challenges. While BSPDN introduces additional routing resources on the backside, these resources are limited and must be carefully partitioned between clock and signal nets, creating a critical resource allocation tradeoff. Prior work either moves only the clock network or assumes a fixed clock tree and optimizes only signal nets, failing to explore the tradeoff space of backside resource allocation. Moreover, lacking frontside power-ground shielding, BSPDN introduces severe signal integrity (SI) degradation. We propose CSCO, a data-driven BSPDN-aware co-optimization framework that jointly allocates limited backside resources between clock and signal nets across frontside/backside layers. CSCO employs efficient search strategies to identify critical nets for backside routing without repeated evaluation, navigating the clock-signal allocation tradeoff to balance IR-drop, routing congestion, and PPA. The framework also leverages backside routing to mitigate coupling noise and crosstalk-induced SI issues. Experiments demonstrate improved WNS/TNS, frequency, and SI robustness without additional shielding overhead.