Large language models (LLMs) can acquire new capabilities through fine-tuning, but continual adaptation often leads to catastrophic forgetting. We propose CRAFT, a continual learning framework that avoids updating model weights by instead learning low-rank interventions on hidden representations. CRAFT proceeds in three stages: it first routes each task to a group of similar tasks based on output-distribution divergence; it then fine-tunes the model using a Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence against the group's prior state, which directly controls forgetting and determines convergence; finally, it merges interventions for the updated task into the shared representation using the same KL signal. This design unifies routing, regularization, and merging through a single KL-based objective. CRAFT improves overall performance and reduces forgetting compared to strong LoRA-based approaches across multiple benchmarks and model scales, while remaining robust to task ordering. These results suggest that controlling adaptation in representation space, guided by output-space divergence, provides a scalable and principled approach to continual learning in LLMs.
@article{arxiv.2605.05732,
title = {CRAFT: Forgetting-Aware Intervention-Based Adaptation for Continual Learning},
author = {Md Anwar Hossen and Fatema Siddika and Juan Pablo Munoz and Tanya Roosta and Ali Jannesari},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2605.05732},
year = {2026}
}