Counting subsets of integers free of arithmetic configurations

Cameron and Erd\H{o}s asked if the number of sets free of arithmetic progressions of length $k$ is $2^{r_k(n)(1+o(1))}$, where $r_k(n)$ is the maximum cardinality of a $k$-AP-free subset of $\{1, \dots, n\}$. Balogh, Liu and Sharifzadeh made significant progress on this question showing that it is $2^{O(r_k(n))}$ for an infinite sequence of $n$. We improve their result in two ways. On the one hand, we prove that, for $k\geq 5$, the number of $k$-AP-free sets in $[n]$ is $2^{r_k(n)(1+o(1))}$ for an infinite sequence of $n$, solving the question of Cameron and Erd\H{o}s for infinitely many values. On the other hand, we also prove that for $k \geq 3$ and all $n$ the number of $k$-AP-free sets in $[n]$ is $2^{O(r_k(n))}$. These results are in fact special cases of a general framework that we develop to count families of sets excluding certain arithmetic patterns, which applies as long as the corresponding extremal threshold satisfies certain Behrend-type lower bounds. As further examples, we get analogous results for solution sets to almost all systems of linear equations as well as counting versions of the multidimensional Szemer\'edi theorem.