English

Counting nondecreasing integer sequences that lie below a barrier

Combinatorics 2009-06-26 v2 Probability

Abstract

Given a barrier 0b0b1...0 \leq b_0 \leq b_1 \leq ..., let f(n)f(n) be the number of nondecreasing integer sequences 0a0a1...an0 \leq a_0 \leq a_1 \leq ... \leq a_n for which ajbja_j \leq b_j for all 0jn0 \leq j \leq n. Known formul\ae for f(n)f(n) include an n×nn \times n determinant whose entries are binomial coefficients (Kreweras, 1965) and, in the special case of bj=rj+sb_j = rj+s, a short explicit formula (Proctor, 1988, p.320). A relatively easy bivariate recursion, decomposing all sequences according to nn and ana_n, leads to a bivariate generating function, then a univariate generating function, then a linear recursion for {f(n)}\{f(n) \}. Moreover, the coefficients of the bivariate generating function have a probabilistic interpretation, leading to an analytic inequality which is an identity for certain values of its argument.

Keywords

Cite

@article{arxiv.0905.0609,
  title  = {Counting nondecreasing integer sequences that lie below a barrier},
  author = {Robin Pemantle and Herbert S. Wilf},
  journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:0905.0609},
  year   = {2009}
}
R2 v1 2026-06-21T12:58:21.508Z