Cosmological Gravitational Waves from Ultralight Vector Dark Matter

We compute the abundance of cosmological gravitational waves produced during the evolution of an ultralight vector (spin-1) dark matter field. A homogeneous background vector field breaks spatial isotropy, requiring a Bianchi I geometry and inducing a mixing between the scalar, vector, and tensor perturbation sectors. We derive the perturbation equations in this background and show that, as a consequence of this mixing, scalar perturbations act as a source of tensor modes, generating a stochastic GW background. The production and cosmological evolution of these gravitational waves are implemented in a modified version of CLASS, from which we obtain the present-day spectrum.