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Convergence of Time-Average along Uniformly Behaved in ${\mathbb N}$ Sequences on Every Point

Number Theory 2024-09-04 v4 Dynamical Systems

Abstract

We define a uniformly behaved in N{\mathbb N} arithmetic sequence a{\bf a} and an a{\bf a}-mean Lyapunov stable dynamical system ff. We consider the time-average of a continuous function ϕ\phi along the a{\bf a}-orbit of ff up to NN. The main result we prove in the paper is that this partial time-average converges for every point in the space if a{\bf a} is uniformly behaved in N{\mathbb N} and ff is minimal and uniquely ergodic and a{\bf a}-mean Lyapunov stable. In addition, if a{\bf a} is also completely additive, we then prove that the time-average of a continuous function ϕ\phi along the square-free a{\bf a}-orbit of ff up to NN converges for every point in the space as well. All equicontinuous dynamical systems are a{\bf a}-mean Lyapunov stable for any sequence a{\bf a}. When a{\bf a} is a subsequence of N{\mathbb N} with positive lower density, we give two non-trivial examples of a{\bf a}-mean Lyapunov stable dynamical systems. We give several examples of uniformly behaved in N\mathbb{N} sequences, including the counting function of the prime factors in natural numbers, the subsequence of natural numbers indexed by the Thue-Morse (or Rudin-Shapiro) sequence, and the sequence of even (or odd) prime factor natural numbers. We also show that the sequence of square-free natural numbers (or even (or odd) prime factor square-free natural numbers) is rotationally distributed in N{\mathbb N} but not uniformly distributed in Z{\mathbb Z}, thus not uniformly behaved in N{\mathbb N}. We derive other consequences from the main result relevant to number theory and ergodic theory/dynamical systems.

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Cite

@article{arxiv.2311.16928,
  title  = {Convergence of Time-Average along Uniformly Behaved in ${\mathbb N}$ Sequences on Every Point},
  author = {Yunping Jiang and Jessica Liu},
  journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2311.16928},
  year   = {2024}
}

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