Automated classification of histopathological whole-slide images (WSI) of breast tissue requires analysis at very high resolutions with a large contextual area. In this paper, we present context-aware stacked convolutional neural networks (CNN) for classification of breast WSIs into normal/benign, ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), and invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC). We first train a CNN using high pixel resolution patches to capture cellular level information. The feature responses generated by this model are then fed as input to a second CNN, stacked on top of the first. Training of this stacked architecture with large input patches enables learning of fine-grained (cellular) details and global interdependence of tissue structures. Our system is trained and evaluated on a dataset containing 221 WSIs of H&E stained breast tissue specimens. The system achieves an AUC of 0.962 for the binary classification of non-malignant and malignant slides and obtains a three class accuracy of 81.3% for classification of WSIs into normal/benign, DCIS, and IDC, demonstrating its potentials for routine diagnostics.
@article{arxiv.1705.03678,
title = {Context-aware stacked convolutional neural networks for classification of breast carcinomas in whole-slide histopathology images},
author = {Babak Ehteshami Bejnordi and Guido Zuidhof and Maschenka Balkenhol and Meyke Hermsen and Peter Bult and Bram van Ginneken and Nico Karssemeijer and Geert Litjens and Jeroen van der Laak},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:1705.03678},
year = {2017}
}