Ruthenium dioxide (RuO2) has been proposed as a prototypical metallic d-wave altermagnet, a N\'eel-ordered compensated antiferromagnetic state exhibiting nonrelativistic momentum-dependent spin splitting; yet, its magnetic ground state remains controversial both theoretically and experimentally. Using comprehensive first-principles calculations, we investigate RuO2 thin films with (110), (100), and (001) orientations, both (un)strained freestanding and supported on a TiO2 substrate. We show that emergent magnetic moments in RuO2 thin films are highly fragile, strongly influenced by strain, surface orientation, and atomic relaxation, while also being highly sensitive to the choice of the Brillouin-zone integration scheme. We find that none of the thin film structures considered can stabilize a compensated antiferromagnetic order; therefore, an altermagnetic ground state cannot be realized. Instead, substrate-supported RuO2 films on TiO2 exhibit pronounced layer- and site-dependent magnetic moment variations and incomplete compensation between the two antiferromagnetically coupled Ru moments, yielding a \emph{ferrimagnetic-like} behavior. On the other hand, freestanding RuO2 films display complex magnetic structures depending on their orientation and applied strain, with distinct behavior at the surfaces and in the inner layers. Our results reconcile conflicting theoretical and experimental reports and underscore the sensitivity of RuO2 magnetism to structural and methodological details.
@article{arxiv.2602.15126,
title = {Complex Magnetic Behavior in RuO$_2$ Thin Films Driven by Strain and Substrate Effects},
author = {Mojtaba Alaei and Nafise Rezaei and Ilia Mikhailov and Artem R. Oganov and Alireza Qaiumzadeh},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2602.15126},
year = {2026}
}