English

Complex action suggests future-included theory

Quantum Physics 2018-02-02 v2 High Energy Physics - Theory

Abstract

In quantum theory its action is usually taken to be real, but we can consider another theory whose action is complex. In addition, in the Feynman path integral, the time integration is usually performed over the period between the initial time TAT_A and some specific time, say, the present time tt. Besides such a future-not-included theory, we can consider the future-included theory, in which not only the past state A(TA)| A(T_A) \rangle at the initial time TAT_A but also the future state B(TB)| B(T_B) \rangle at the final time TBT_B is given at first, and the time integration is performed over the whole period from the past to the future. Thus quantum theory can be classified into four types, according to whether its action is real or not, and whether the future is included or not. We argue that, if a theory is described with a complex action, then such a theory is suggested to be the future-included theory, rather than the future-not-included theory. Otherwise persons living at different times would see different histories of the universe.

Keywords

Cite

@article{arxiv.1709.10179,
  title  = {Complex action suggests future-included theory},
  author = {Keiichi Nagao and Holger Bech Nielsen},
  journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:1709.10179},
  year   = {2018}
}

Comments

Latex 12 pages, 3 figures, typo corrected, presentation improved, the final version to appear in Prog.Theor.Exp.Phys

R2 v1 2026-06-22T21:58:21.157Z