English

Collapsibility and Near Universality for Vertex Minimal Paper Tori

Metric Geometry 2025-11-03 v4

Abstract

A paper torus is a piecewise linear isometric embedding of a flat torus into R3\R^3. Following up on the 88-vertex paper tori discovered by the second author, we prove universality and collapsibility results about these objects. One corollary is that any flat torus without reflection symmetry is realized as an 88-vertex paper torus. Another corollary is that, for any ϵ>0\epsilon>0, there is an 88-vertex paper torus within ϵ\epsilon of a unit equilateral triangle in the Hausdorff metric.

Keywords

Cite

@article{arxiv.2510.12623,
  title  = {Collapsibility and Near Universality for Vertex Minimal Paper Tori},
  author = {Peter Doyle and Richard Evan Schwartz},
  journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2510.12623},
  year   = {2025}
}

Comments

Same as previous version, except that the triangulation labels are canonical now and there are more pics. As previously, every calculation in the paper is checked by two downloadable Mathematica files. The reader can also download an extensive Java program which helps visualize the objects. Download instructions are at the end of the intro