English

Cliques of orders three and four in the Paley-type graphs

Combinatorics 2023-01-18 v1 Number Theory

Abstract

Let n=2sp1α1pkαkn=2^s p_{1}^{\alpha_{1}}\cdots p_{k}^{\alpha_{k}}, where s=0s=0 or 11, αi1\alpha_i\geq 1, and the distinct primes pip_i satisfy pi1(mod4)p_i\equiv 1\pmod{4} for all i=1,,ki=1, \ldots, k. Let Zn\mathbb{Z}_n^\ast denote the group of units in the commutative ring Zn\mathbb{Z}_n. Recently, we defined a Paley-type graph GnG_n of order nn as the graph whose vertex set is Zn\mathbb{Z}_n and xyxy is an edge if xya2(modn)x-y\equiv a^2\pmod n for some aZna\in\mathbb{Z}_n^\ast. The Paley-type graph GnG_n resembles the classical Paley graph in a number of ways, and adds to the list of generalizations of the Paley graph. Computing the number of cliques of a particular order in a Paley graph or its generalizations has been of considerable interest. For primes p1(mod4)p\equiv 1\pmod 4 and α1\alpha\geq 1, by evaluating certain character sums, we found the number of cliques of order 33 in GpαG_{p^\alpha} and expressed the number of cliques of order 44 in GpαG_{p^\alpha} in terms of Jacobi sums. In this article we give combinatorial proofs and find the number of cliques of orders 33 and 44 in GnG_n for all nn for which the graph is defined.

Keywords

Cite

@article{arxiv.2301.07021,
  title  = {Cliques of orders three and four in the Paley-type graphs},
  author = {Anwita Bhowmik and Rupam Barman},
  journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2301.07021},
  year   = {2023}
}

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9 pages