Classification of torsion of elliptic curves over quartic fields

Let $E$ be an elliptic curve over a quartic field $K$. By the Mordell-Weil theorem, $E(K)$ is a finitely generated group. We determine all the possibilities for the torsion group $E(K)_{tor}$ where $K$ ranges over all quartic fields $K$ and $E$ ranges over all elliptic curves over $K$. We show that there are no sporadic torsion groups, or in other words, that all torsion groups either do not appear or they appear for infinitely many non-isomorphic elliptic curves $E$. Proving this requires showing that numerous modular curves $X_1(m,n)$ have no non-cuspidal degree $4$ points. We deal with almost all the curves using one of 3 methods: a method for the rank 0 cases requiring no computation; the Hecke sieve, a local method requiring computer-assisted computations; and the global method, an argument for the positive rank cases also requiring no computation. We deal with the handful of remaining cases using ad hoc methods.