Real-world fact-checking often involves verifying claims grounded in structured data at scale. Despite substantial progress in fact-verification benchmarks, this setting remains largely underexplored. In this work, we introduce ClaimDB, a fact-verification benchmark where the evidence for claims is derived from compositions of millions of records and multiple tables. ClaimDB consists of 80 unique real-life databases covering a wide range of domains, from governance and healthcare to media, education and the natural sciences. At this scale, verification approaches that rely on "reading" the evidence break down, forcing a timely shift toward reasoning in executable programs. We conduct extensive experiments with 30 state-of-the-art proprietary and open-source (below 70B) LLMs and find that more than half score below 55% accuracy. Our analysis also reveals that both closed- and open-source models struggle with abstention -- the ability to admit that there is no evidence to decide -- raising doubts about their reliability in high-stakes data analysis tasks. We release the benchmark, code, and the LLM leaderboard at https://claimdb.github.io .
@article{arxiv.2601.14698,
title = {ClaimDB: A Fact Verification Benchmark over Large Structured Data},
author = {Michael Theologitis and Preetam Prabhu Srikar Dammu and Chirag Shah and Dan Suciu},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2601.14698},
year = {2026}
}