We introduce CHARTOM, a visual theory-of-mind benchmark designed to evaluate multimodal large language models' capability to understand and reason about misleading data visualizations though charts. CHARTOM consists of carefully designed charts and associated questions that require a language model to not only correctly comprehend the factual content in the chart (the FACT question) but also judge whether the chart will be misleading to a human readers (the MIND question), a dual capability with significant societal benefits. We detail the construction of our benchmark including its calibration on human performance and estimation of MIND ground truth called the Human Misleadingness Index. We evaluated several leading LLMs -- including GPT, Claude, Gemini, Qwen, Llama, and Llava series models -- on the CHARTOM dataset and found that it was challenging to all models both on FACT and MIND questions. This highlights the limitations of current LLMs and presents significant opportunity for future LLMs to improve on understanding misleading charts.
@article{arxiv.2408.14419,
title = {CHARTOM: A Visual Theory-of-Mind Benchmark for LLMs on Misleading Charts},
author = {Shubham Bharti and Shiyun Cheng and Jihyun Rho and Jianrui Zhang and Mu Cai and Yong Jae Lee and Martina Rau and Xiaojin Zhu},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2408.14419},
year = {2025}
}