We report charge to spin conversion in a hybrid heterostructure comprised of atomically thin bismuth (Bi) confined between a silicon carbide (SiC) substrate and epitaxial graphene (EG). We confirm composition, dimensionality, and a 96.5 \% intercalation coverage using X-ray photolectron spectroscopy, scanning transmission microscopy, low energy electron diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy. Electrical transport measurements show signs of weak antilocalization in the heterostructure, consistent with spin-orbit coupling in this hybrid heterostructure. Spin torque ferromagnetic resonance measurements in permalloy/EG/2D-Bi heterostructures probe charge-to-spin conversion and revealing that an in plane polarization of the spin current, perpendicular to the charge current. The ratio of the in-plane to out-of-plane torque is 3.75 times higher than in hydrogenated graphene control samples.
@article{arxiv.2501.07699,
title = {Charge to spin conversion in atomically thin bismuth},
author = {Wilson J. Yánez-Parreño and Alexander Vera and Sandra Santhosh and Chengye Dong and Jimmy C. Kotsakidis and Yongxi Ou and Saurav Islam and Adam L. Friedman and Maxwell Wetherington and Joshua Robinson and Nitin Samarth},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2501.07699},
year = {2026}
}