CARD: Cross-component Audio Representation Distillation for Encoder-Free Audio Captioning
Abstract
Modern automated audio captioning systems pair a frozen audio encoder with a large language model (LLM) via a trainable projector, incurring the encoder's inference cost and bottlenecking the model through its fixed acoustic features. We present CARD, an encoder-free audio captioning model that removes the encoder at inference: a 13.2M projector feeds a frozen LLM with merged LoRA adapters, while the teacher used to train it is discarded. CARD distills a pretrained audio teacher (CLAP-HTSAT) into the model, but rather than injecting it into the LLM alone, it routes the teacher's representations across components: perceptual stages to the projector and semantic stages to the LLM. This placement improves CIDEr-D by +12.18 over an LLM-only distilled model on AudioCaps and by +5.21 on Clotho, reaching 55.4 against a 66.4 encoder-kept upper bound with no encoder at inference, showing that where a teacher's knowledge is placed matters as much as its presence.
Cite
@article{arxiv.2607.04619,
title = {CARD: Cross-component Audio Representation Distillation for Encoder-Free Audio Captioning},
author = {Ganesh Pavan Kartikeya Bharadwaj Kolluri and Yuchen Zhang and Michael Kampouridis and Ravi Shekhar},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2607.04619},
year = {2026}
}