English

Birkhoff-like theorem for rotating stars in (2+1) dimensions

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology 2009-03-22 v3 High Energy Physics - Theory

Abstract

Consider a rotating and possibly pulsating "star" in (2+1) dimensions. If the star is axially symmetric, then in the vacuum region surrounding the star, (a region that we assume at most contains a cosmological constant), the Einstein equations imply that under physically plausible conditions the geometry is in fact stationary. Furthermore, the geometry external to the star is then uniquely guaranteed to be the (2+1) dimensional analogue of the Kerr-de Sitter spacetime, the BTZ geometry. This Birkhoff-like theorem is very special to (2+1) dimensions, and fails in (3+1) dimensions. Effectively, this is a "no hair" theorem for (2+1) dimensional axially symmetric stars: the exterior geometry is completely specified by the mass, angular momentum, and cosmological constant.

Keywords

Cite

@article{arxiv.0903.2128,
  title  = {Birkhoff-like theorem for rotating stars in (2+1) dimensions},
  author = {Jozef Skakala and Matt Visser},
  journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:0903.2128},
  year   = {2009}
}

Comments

4 pages; uses revtex4; V2: added 1 very important reference; significantly expanded discussion; many small changes in the text but no significant change in physics conclusions; V3: minor typos fixed

R2 v1 2026-06-21T12:39:45.773Z