Beyond Test Scores: How Academic Rank Shapes Long-Term Outcomes
Abstract
We study the effects of academic rank using data on the entire population of children enrolled in primary schools in Aberdeen, Scotland, in 1962. Exploiting quasi-random variation in peer group composition, we estimate the causal impact of rank on academic performance, noncognitive development, parental investment, and long-term outcomes. Higher rank improves achievement on the high-stakes eleven-plus examination and strengthens internalizing skills (traits related to self-concept and confidence), suggesting that rank effects operate primarily through students' self-perception. Using a follow-up survey conducted forty years later, we find that rank raises educational attainment, particularly for girls, while long-term income gains emerge only among boys. The gender gap in long-run effects likely reflects historical barriers to women's access to higher education and skilled employment during this period.
Cite
@article{arxiv.2510.11973,
title = {Beyond Test Scores: How Academic Rank Shapes Long-Term Outcomes},
author = {Emilia Del Bono and Angus Holford and Tommaso Sartori},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2510.11973},
year = {2025}
}