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Bernoulli numbers and the probability of a birthday surprise

Numerical Analysis 2025-10-20 v4 Numerical Analysis Number Theory Optimization and Control Probability

Abstract

A birthday surprise is the event that, given k uniformly random samples from a sample space of size n, at least two of them are identical. We show that Bernoulli numbers can be used to derive arbitrarily exact bounds on the probability of a birthday surprise. This result can be used in arbitrary precision calculators, and it can be applied to better understand some questions in communication security and pseudorandom number generation.

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Cite

@article{arxiv.math/0304028,
  title  = {Bernoulli numbers and the probability of a birthday surprise},
  author = {Boaz Tsaban},
  journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:math/0304028},
  year   = {2025}
}

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