Bayesian inference of the magnetic component of quark-gluon plasma

The chromo-magnetic monopoles (CMM), emergent topological excitations of non-Abelian gauge fields carrying chromo-magnetic charge, have long been postulated to play an important role in the vacuum confinement of quantum chromodynamics (QCD), the deconfinement transition at temperature $T_c\approx 160\rm MeV$, as well as the strongly coupled nature of quark-gluon plasma (QGP). While such CMMs have been found to provide solutions for challenging puzzles from heavy-ion collision measurements, they were typically introduced as model assumptions in the past. Here we show how their very existence can be determined and their abundance extracted in a data-driven way for the first time. Using the \textsc{cujet3} framework for calculations of jet energy loss and analyzing a comprehensive experimental data set for nuclear modification factor ($R_{\mathrm{AA}}$) and elliptic flow ($v_2$) of high-transverse-momentum hadrons, the fraction of CMMs in the QGP is obtained by Bayesian inference and is found to be substantial in the $1\sim 2 T_c$ region. The posterior CMM fraction is further validated by excellent agreement with additional data and is also shown to predict QGP transport properties quantitatively consistent with the state-of-the-art knowledge.