English

Balanced Steinhaus triangles

Combinatorics 2025-08-08 v1 Discrete Mathematics Number Theory

Abstract

A Steinhaus triangle modulo mm is a finite down-pointing triangle of elements in the finite cyclic group Z/mZ\mathbb{Z}/m\mathbb{Z} satisfying the same local rule as the standard Pascal triangle modulo mm. A Steinhaus triangle modulo mm is said to be balanced if it contains all the elements of Z/mZ\mathbb{Z}/m\mathbb{Z} with the same multiplicity. In this paper, the existence of infinitely many balanced Steinhaus triangles modulo mm, for any positive integer mm, is shown. This is achieved by considering periodic triangles generated from interlaced arithmetic progressions. This positively answers a weak version of a problem, due to John C. Molluzzo in 1978, that has remained unsolved to date for the even values of m12m\geqslant 12.

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Cite

@article{arxiv.2508.05159,
  title  = {Balanced Steinhaus triangles},
  author = {Jonathan Chappelon},
  journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2508.05159},
  year   = {2025}
}
R2 v1 2026-07-01T04:38:39.949Z