In this paper, we investigate the impact of hardware impairments in antenna arrays on the beamforming performance of multi-input multi-output (MIMO) communication systems. We consider two types of imperfections: per-element gain mismatches and inter-element spacing deviations. We analytically determine the impairment configurations that result in the worst-case degradation. In addition, the analytical expression of the average-case performance is also derived for comparison. Simulation and theoretical results show that the average SNR degradation remains relatively limited, whereas the worst-case scenarios can exhibit substantially higher losses. These findings provide clear insight into the robustness limits of MIMO systems under practical hardware imperfections.
@article{arxiv.2511.05090,
title = {Average and Worst-case Analysis of MIMO Beamforming Loss due to Hardware Impairments},
author = {Xuan Chen and Matthieu Crussière and Luc Le Magoarou},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2511.05090},
year = {2025}
}