Ground penetrating radar (GPR) has become a rapid and non-destructive solution for road subsurface distress (RSD) detection. However, recognizing RSD from GPR images is labor-intensive and heavily relies on the expertise of inspectors. Deep learning-based automatic RSD recognition, though ameliorating the burden of data processing, suffers from insufficient capability to recognize defects. In this study, a novel cross-verification strategy was proposed to fully exploit the complementary abilities of region proposal networks in object recognition from different views of GPR images. Following this strategy, three YOLO-based models were used to detect the RSD (voids and loose structures) and manholes. Each model was trained with a specific view of 3D GPR dataset, which contains rigorously validated 2134 samples of diverse types obtained through field scanning. The cross-verification strategy achieves outstanding accuracy with a recall of over 98.6% in the tests using real field-scanning data. Field tests also show that deep learning-based automatic RSD recognition can reduce the human labor of inspection by around 90%.
@article{arxiv.2507.11081,
title = {Automatic Road Subsurface Distress Recognition from Ground Penetrating Radar Images using Deep Learning-based Cross-verification},
author = {Chang Peng and Bao Yang and Meiqi Li and Ge Zhang and Hui Sun and Zhenyu Jiang},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2507.11081},
year = {2026}
}