Approximating Cycles in Directed Graphs: Fast Algorithms for Girth and Roundtrip Spanners

The girth of a graph, i.e. the length of its shortest cycle, is a fundamental graph parameter. Unfortunately all known algorithms for computing, even approximately, the girth and girth-related structures in directed weighted $m$-edge and $n$-node graphs require $\Omega(\min\{n^{\omega}, mn\})$ time (for $2\leq\omega<2.373$). In this paper, we drastically improve these runtimes as follows: * Multiplicative Approximations in Nearly Linear Time: We give an algorithm that in $\widetilde{O}(m)$ time computes an $\widetilde{O}(1)$-multiplicative approximation of the girth as well as an $\widetilde{O}(1)$-multiplicative roundtrip spanner with $\widetilde{O}(n)$ edges with high probability (w.h.p). * Nearly Tight Additive Approximations: For unweighted graphs and any $\alpha \in (0,1)$ we give an algorithm that in $\widetilde{O}(mn^{1 - \alpha})$ time computes an $O(n^\alpha)$-additive approximation of the girth w.h.p, and partially derandomize it. We show that the runtime of our algorithm cannot be significantly improved without a breakthrough in combinatorial Boolean matrix multiplication. Our main technical contribution to achieve these results is the first nearly linear time algorithm for computing roundtrip covers, a directed graph decomposition concept key to previous roundtrip spanner constructions. Previously it was not known how to compute these significantly faster than $\Omega(\min\{n^\omega, mn\})$ time. Given the traditional difficulty in efficiently processing directed graphs, we hope our techniques may find further applications.