English

Angular Dispersion Accelerates $k$-Nearest Neighbors Machine Translation

Computation and Language 2025-09-23 v1 Machine Learning

Abstract

Augmenting neural machine translation with external memory at decoding time, in the form of k-nearest neighbors machine translation (kk-NN MT), is a well-established strategy for increasing translation performance. kk-NN MT retrieves a set of tokens that occurred in the most similar contexts recorded in a prepared data store, using hidden state representations of translation contexts as vector lookup keys. One of the main disadvantages of this method is the high computational cost and memory requirements. Since an exhaustive search is not feasible in large data stores, practitioners commonly use approximate kk-NN MT lookup, yet even such algorithms are a bottleneck. In contrast to research directions seeking to accelerate kk-NN MT by reducing data store size or the number of lookup calls, we pursue an orthogonal direction based on the performance properties of approximate kk-NN MT lookup data structures. In particular, we propose to encourage angular dispersion of the neural hidden representations of contexts. We show that improving dispersion leads to better balance in the retrieval data structures, accelerating retrieval and slightly improving translations.

Keywords

Cite

@article{arxiv.2509.16729,
  title  = {Angular Dispersion Accelerates $k$-Nearest Neighbors Machine Translation},
  author = {Evgeniia Tokarchuk and Sergey Troshin and Vlad Niculae},
  journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2509.16729},
  year   = {2025}
}
R2 v1 2026-07-01T05:47:29.990Z